ISTANBUL's HISTORY

Istanbul's history up to 300 thousand years ago, extends. Küçükçekmece the lake edge of excavations in the cave Yarımburgaz the first traces of human culture has been found. In this period, around the lake is thought to the laws of the Neolithic and Kalkolitik people. In the excavations made in various periods, Dudullu near Lower Paleolithic to the near Ağaçlı, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Age-specific tools have been found. Since the year 5000 mainly to Fikirtepe Kadıköy Çatalca, Dudullu, Ümraniye, Pendik, Davutpasa, Kilyos and the start of a settlement that is thought-intensive Warehouse. But the basics of today's Istanbul BC 7. century were laid. M.Ş. 4.

Can be rebuilt by Emperor Constantin century, capital has been made that day nearly 16 centuries during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman period, has continued in the capital capacity. At the same time, the Emperor is one of the center of Christianity with Constantis Istanbul, after being conquered by the Ottoman 1453'te Muslims were considered as one of the most important cities. ISTANBUL HISTORICAL ERA in the major Bizantion (MO 660 - MS 324) from Greece Megara'lılar BC Were reached through the Marmara Sea to Istanbul 680'lerde and today gave its name Kadıköy'de Halkedon founded a city. "Country of the Blind" as referred to were involved with agriculture Halkedon'un people. BC Byzantine commanders led off in the background 660'larda Trak Mega'lıların other arm resulting in a different city than the current Sarayburnu'nun founded.

According to legend the Delphi oracle in the temple here chooses to follow the advice Megara'lılar, commander with the name of the city "Bizantion" gave the name. Some Trak communities in this region have lived before Megara'lılardan is known that contraction is thought Megara'lılarla of indigenous peoples. Many who suffered to invade Bizantion, BC Was seized by Bithynıalılar by 269'da sacked. BC 202'de Makedonyalılar'in afraid of threats, the Bizantion has requested help from Rome. From this period on the impact of the Roman Empire began in the city and to the sovereignty of Rome, entered the city 146'da B.C. Initially considered as the city administration, then a part of the province of Pontus Bitinya-has become. Thus ended 700 years the city-state status is. Bithynia-Pontus in 73 states Bizantion Rome's connected to. The Emperor has contributed to the development of urban Vespasianus. By 193, the Roman Emperor Septimus Severus, which holds Bizantion'u surrounded by the city Partlar'in looting, and the wall has collapsed.

Then you can rebuild the walls, the city was building. The new building held the streets. Hipodrom construction started. This time the city has been attacked by Goths 269'da. The Goths conquer the sea to a place near the columns were erected. 13'de took Nicomedialılar city. I. Constantinus, Nicomedialilar'la back the city won the argument took time. The capital of the Roman Empire (324 - 395) was selected as Bizantion center of Rome Doğu'sunun management. This new position, world culture and politics in the city also has set an important role. I. Constantinus (324-337), Roman nobles by calling the city's Roman Bizantion'a population increased. A development worthy of the position of the new capital moves were initiated. Ports and water facilities have been rearranged. Fundamentals of water distribution system in the city was taken. Defense has been making a new walls. Septimus has been completed construction of the racetrack Severius'un initiated. 100 thousand persons of the width of the racetrack 117, the length was 480 meters. Decorated with many statues on duvarlarinın Hipodrom. Most important were also at the statue. By the Latin of the city by invading it at the statue in Venice, San Marco Square has been moved to.

In the Hippodrome (Sultanahmet Square) imperial palace (the area of Sultanahmet Mosque) and the monumental temple, Acropolis (the location of the Topkapi Palace) done. Initially Nea (New) referred to by name, city of Rome, I. Made its name synonymous with Constantinus. 330 on May 11 was declared as the city's name Constantinopolis. First, St. Irene, Hagia Sophia church in the then 360 year yaptıraran I. Constantinus, the city turned into an important center for the Christian world has. Byzantine Empire Period (395 - 1453) 476'da West after Rome's collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and Istanbul became the capital of this new empire has become. 6. in the middle of the century, the Byzantine Empire, and Istanbul is the beginning of a new uptrend period. Emperor I. Management during this period before Justinian the Hagia Sophia was destroyed has been rebuilt as the present, in the city and 543'lerde cause the death of half of the population traces of the plague epidemic has been deleted. 7, 8 and 9 Istanbul was for centuries in the siege. In the seventh century, the city suffered Sasaniler and Avarlar'in attacked the Bulgarians in the eighth century, Arabs and Muslims in the ninth century, the Russians and the Bulgarians were surrounded. Was seized by the Crusaders and 1204'de city was sacked.

This invasion and plunder the city after the biggest Middle 40-50000 population, poor and a city turned into ruins. After this period, Istanbul has been continuously shrinking and getting poorer. Migrate to the city of Iznik was the noble and rich. Latin Empire was able to dominate only in Istanbul and the region. İznik (Nikia), Trabzon and the Byzantine opposition has developed a Epiros'ta in Greece. By 1254 the Latin Empire was encompass. In the meantime, the poor become even many Latin Emperor Istanbul II. To warm up the section of the palace of Baudouin wood used as fuel began. Finally in 1261 were captured again, and so Palailogos Tokyo Hanedani Latin term ended in Istanbul.

Ottoman Empire Period (1453-1923) Kent, started in 1391 were surrounded by the Ottomans. 1396'da I. Bayazid (1389-1403), from the Black Sea to prevent future aid to the city's Anatolian side has made a fort. II is determined to take the city. Mehmed de (1451-1481), Byzantine future benefits to both sides in Northern Straits to prevent the holding of the European side of the city this time has built the Rumeli Hisar. Has been a year already started preparations conquest of Istanbul. Necessary for the siege was a very big balls döktür. A strong fleet of 16 galley was created. Doubled the number of soldiers increased. Help to prevent the Byzantine ways of receiving assistance under control has been received. During the war in the hands of the Galata Ceneviz'lilerin remain neutral on the right. 2 April 1453 the first Ottoman Istanbul in front of the leading forces seen. Thus the siege began. This siege lasted for close to two months period, starting from the morning on 29 May 1453, the afternoon was completed with the capture of the city. Since then an Ottoman city of Istanbul was. After the conquest of the city for the new housing development area was created. In recent times have lost Bizans'in splendor, the city, the first ancient buildings and walls were repaired.

Osmanlı'nın on the basic institutions of the Byzantine infrastructure buildings began to rise. Was also used to protect large water cistern. Ottoman identity with the developer of Istanbul was the capital of the empire. To increase the population of these settlements and neighborhoods of exile later formed the basis of administrative structures in Istanbul. Each of the different demographic characteristics of Istanbul 1459'da move has been divided into four administrative units. One of them is the center of administration Suriçi, the other three surdışında done and "Bilad-i SELAS" known as Eyüp (Large and Small Çekmece, including Çatalca and Silivri), Galata and Üsküdar'di. The great fire in 1457 finally defeated by the old capital city of Edirne new immigrants came to the city was very jollify. Istanbul, fifty years after the conquest of Europe's largest city has become. 16. century as a big city entered Istanbul, 14 September 1509 referred to as young Kıyamet damaged in the earthquake was. And that predicted violence in the 8 to 45-day rearguard tremor earthquake destroyed thousands of buildings, thousands of people died. Istanbul, 1510'da Sultan II. Almost 80,000 people employed by Beyazıd was rebuilt. This is why today the majority of work can come from this era remains. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman between the years 1520-1566 under the management and monitoring of Istanbul to the many valuable work hours to meet to plan a city until you reach, is developed. Especially valuable in this period from each other a lot of work signed by Mimar Sinan was built. Plague epidemics, fires and floods, despite a rising period for Istanbul statutory period was counted.

Lale Devri as with the aforementioned Damat Ibrahim Pasha of Nevsehir sadrazamliğındaki the years 1718-1730, the establishment Teşkilâtının fire, the first printing of the opening and construction of several factories in Istanbul with the term is starting to change. Topkapi Palace in the Garden of the Gülhane 1839'da November 3 will be read by the public in Istanbul was declared the Tanzimat Fermani has opened a new era. This process accelerated in western Istanbul life style of architecture, education institutions and industrial companies has been much innovation in many areas. During this period the city began to expand into new areas. Bakirköy Suriçi direction, Galata is being spread in the direction of the Tesvikiye; Boğaziçi'nde Sarıyer was to accelerate settlement. Anatolia is on the one hand sides Bostancı, on the other hand was raised toward Beykoz. This year, infrastructure and urban services was also the scene of important developments.

Be made on the Golden Horn bridge, tunnel (metro), Rumeli Railway, maritime transport within the city, the company's opening-i Hayriye, Şehremaneti (municipal) organization, the establishment of other municipal offices, the first telegraph hattinin withdrawal, gendarmes and the establishment of the surveillance station of his / her opening, the Foundation entered into service in Gureba Hospital and is only some of these developments on horseback Tramway Company. December 23 1876'da I. Mesrutiyet and 24 July 1908 II. Between the scene and the people posting Mesrutiyet "Üçyüzon Earthquake" in the experiment suffered the earthquake of 1894, Istanbul ', II. 13 November 1918 in the wake of World War entente was occupied donanmasınca States. Republic of Turkey in Istanbul in 1923 with the founding of the capital came to an end the period.